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��ࡱ�>�� hj����g��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������_� ���<bjbj 8zbb�4���������bbbbb����vvv8��jvx ������aaa�*�*�*�*�*�*�*$-��/��*baa�*bb��� dddxb�b��*d�*ddc�������8d��������n4[�*( 0x c,�0�j�0��0b�4a� �d�t/�aaa�*�* xaaax ���������������������������������������������������������������������0aaaaaaaaa� : draft report of the friend of chair regarding export competitiveness mr chair, this is a descriptive report of my consultations on the issue of �export competitiveness�. it is a summary of the discussions held, so it is not intended to be comprehensive in scope and it makes no attempt to suggest possible solutions. i held consultations with nine delegations: australia, brazil, canada, egypt, the european union, india, japan, south africa and the united states. as we all know, the issue of �export competitiveness� is related to export subsidies flexibilities provided to developing country members under article 27 of the scm agreement. export subsidies are prohibited under article 3 of the same agreement. today, except for the extensions granted under article 27.4 for certain developing members, the flexibilities for providing export subsidies only apply for those members with gnp per capita lower than 1,000 us$ per annum (the so-called annex vii members). nonetheless, article 27.5 states that annex vii members which have reached export competitiveness in one or more products shall gradually phase out their export subsidies on such products over a period of eight years. article 27.6 determines that �export competitiveness in a product exists if a developing country member's exports of that product have reached a share of at least 3.25 per cent in world trade of that product for two consecutive calendar years. export competitiveness shall exist either (a) on the basis of notification by the developing country member having reached export competitiveness, or (b) on the basis of a computation undertaken by the secretariat at the request of any member. for the purpose of this paragraph, a product is defined as a section heading of the harmonized system nomenclature.� according to my mandate, the consultations i held on the issue were based on the 2008 chair�s text (tn/rl/w/236), that states the following: �many delegations support in principle clarifying the provisions on the determination of export competitiveness in a product, but views differ considerably as to the best way to do this, including changing the period and/or methodology for calculating share of world trade in a product, or clarifying the definition of a "product" for this purpose. views also differ widely as to whether reintroduction of export subsidies should be allowed if export competitiveness is lost after having been reached, and if so on what basis and for how long.� in the context of this negotiating group on rules, one text proposal was submitted, named �improvement and clarification in articles 27.5 and 27.6 of the ascm regarding export competitiveness� (tn/rl/gen/136). it is co-sponsored by egypt, india, kenya, and pakistan. the proposal contains three elements: (i) calculation of each of the two consecutive years referred to in article 27.6 as a multi-year moving average; (ii) a mechanism of �stop the clock� in case of loss of export competitiveness during the phase-out period; and (iii) the reintroduction of export subsidization in case of loss of export competitiveness after the end of the phase-out period. concerning the first element (the calculation of �export competitiveness�), the following are the main points that have been raised during my consultations: the multi-year moving average and the product definition. regarding the multi-year moving average for determining export competitiveness, many delegations showed some level of flexibility in considering a revised methodology to calculate export competitiveness. however, the 5 years suggested for the multi-year moving average was considered excessive. some have indicated that they may have a certain amount of flexibility to a three-year period. some delegations noted that the proposed change in methodology was not a small one, since it has the effect of delaying the date on which export competitiveness was deemed to be reached for purposes of article 27.6. many delegations also noted that, in general, the most recent data available for those calculations is already two years late, what adds to the delay on the date on which export competitiveness was deemed to be reached. the proponents reiterated that any methodology to establish �export competitiveness� of a member in a given product should reflect a sound achievement and not only sporadic circumstances in two isolated years. they also highlighted the difficulties related to data collection and to the accuracy of data regarding world trade. many delegations demonstrated sympathy towards those arguments. regarding the definition of �a product� for the purposes of articles 27.5 and 27.6, most members noted that the definition of the product is a fundamental open question and it would seem necessary to address it if members are invited to consider further changes in the current rules. some members have indicated that, for them, a necessary condition of their agreeing to any flexibility on the issue of export competitiveness, on the basis of the elements under the text proposal, would be that "product" is clearly defined. it was also noted that this clarification would be essential to establish what proponents are actually asking for flexibilities on. the current definition of the product to which export competitiveness may be attained is, in the english text: �a section heading of the harmonized system nomenclature� (hs). however, such a definition does not correspond to any classification under the hsn, which refers to four-digit headings, two-digit chapters and multi-chapter sections. a full spectrum of views has been expressed on this matter. at one end of it, it is argued that "section heading" shall be understood as an hs four-digit heading. at the other end of the spectrum, the understanding is that the product is an hs multi-chapter section. some delegations were of the view that, given the level of specificity of the products under a heading classification, it would be difficult to imagine how the termination of a subsidy program only to that product would work in practice. since governmental programs are based on a broader scope of products, the same subsidized companies could be producing different products at a four-digit level. if the subsidization is to be terminated on a four-digit level, the same company would be receiving export subsidies for parts of its products but not for other parts. the circumvention would seem to be inevitable. others were of the view that an hs multi-chapter section would damage the delicate balance in article 27 between the trade-distortion effects of the export subsidies and the importance of subsidies for economic development in developing countries. in that sense, they mentioned that the share of 3.25 per cent in world trade in a whole sector would be an extremely high threshold and could have the potential to perpetuate prohibited export subsidies in annex vii members. one member expressed the view that the question of product definition is not covered by the text proposal gen/136; therefore it should not be addressed under the discussions in the negotiating group on rules. concerning the second element ("stop-the-clock" mechanism in case of loss of export competitiveness during the phase out period), the following are the main points that have been raised during the consultations: the determination of loss of export competitiveness; the triggers for the eight-year phase out period and for the �stop-the-clock� mechanism; �standstill�; and the transparency/monitoring requirements. on the determination of loss of export competitiveness, most members raised the question of whether that determination would also be made on the basis of the proposed multi-year moving average. they consider that it is reasonable for this to be the case, as a multi-year moving average for both determinations might make the re-entry situation less likely. the proponents have indicated flexibility in considering the application of the same methodology to both the attainment and the loss of export competitiveness. on the trigger for the eight-year phase out period, some delegations suggested that the eight-year phase out period for the export subsidies could begin upon the calculation that export competitiveness had been attained, regardless of whether export competitiveness had in fact been reached before the period on which the calculation was based or the lack in time of the most recent data available. one delegation questioned what would be the case of those annex vii members who have already attained export competitiveness, on the basis of a calculation already undertaken by the secretariat. on the trigger for the �stop-the-clock� mechanism, some delegations understand that the clock should stop upon the calculation that export competitiveness had been lost and it should be triggered upon the calculation that export competitiveness had been attained. some delegations have indicated that they could consider the idea of automatic annual calculations by the secretariat during the phase-out period for the establishment of loss or attainment of export competitiveness. nonetheless, many doubts remained on the operationalization of such a system. on the level of subsidization, most members expressed the idea of �standstill�. in any possible �stop-the-clock� mechanism, the level of subsidization should not increase over its level just prior to the loss of export competitiveness. notwithstanding, when considering that approach all delegations demonstrated concerns on how to operationalize it, particularly regarding the level of transparency and monitoring that it would require from the subsidizing members. on transparency/monitoring, many members have suggested that additional transparency and monitoring mechanisms would be a necessary condition of any further flexibility to allow for the resumption of export subsidization under a �stop-the-clock� mechanism. beyond members specific positions regarding the mechanism elements, members� general position on the issue vary considerably. some delegations expressed sympathy to the concerns related to potential losses of export competitiveness during the phase-out period and showed some flexibility to explore ways to deal with it. those delegations made clear that flexibility and any solutions based on the �stop-the-clock� mechanism proposed would necessarily come along with transparency and monitoring requirements. other delegations stressed the importance to keep the delicate balance between the need to minimize the trade-distortion effects of prohibited export subsidies and the important role of subsidies for economic development in developing countries. those delegations believe that article 27 stipulates exceptional cases and it�s not intended to guarantee certain market shares for particular products from developing countries. different delegations also highlighted that the threshold of a 3.25 per cent world market�s share in a product is a very significant one and should not be based only on governmental support. it was also noted that it is not sustainable to maintain industries in a level of export competitiveness only based on governmental support through export subsidies. in that sense, concerns were expressed about the possibility of an endless loop of subsidisation under the �stop-the-clock� mechanism, since it can be triggered unlimited times throughout the phase-out period. most delegations, nevertheless, shared the view that the �stop-the-clock� mechanism proposed was a complex one and presented challenges regarding its operationalization. for that reason, among those who expressed sympathy and some degree of flexibility, some suggested that different ways to address the concerns of annex vii members could be explored. one member noted that the soundness of the attained export competitiveness would seem to be greater as broader the definition of the product. and, for that, given the complexity to operationalize such a �stop-the-clock mechanism� one additional way worth exploring, in order to respond to annex vii members concerns and socio-economic sensitiveness, could be to work on the definition of the product. finally, concerning the third element of the text proposal, the reintroduction of export subsidization after phase-out, most members have expressed serious concerns with the idea and have indicated that they could not accept a resumption of export subsidization if export competitiveness were lost after the end of the phase-out period. chair, in an attempt to summarize the results of my consultations, i would say that there is a significant degree of sympathy towards the concerns of annex vii members. however, while there seemed to be a growing convergence of views around considering some work on the multi-year moving average approach for determination of export competitiveness, views in respect of the resumption of export subsidies after a loss of export competitiveness remained a considerable distance apart � particularly with regard to resumption of export subsidies after the end of the phase-out period. i should equally note that the growing convergence of views mentioned seemed to be somehow linked to additional work on clarifying the current text regarding the issues of the definition of the product and the trigger for the eight-year phase out period. i thank you, chair, for the trust you placed in me and i hope i was able to deliver a proper summary of the views members shared with me.     march 24, 2011  deplmps�������������    > ? ���������׶��������wm��cylyl�h(y�hbojqj^jhbojqj^jh!t�ojqj^jhn?=ojqj^jh�^^ojqj^jhmy�ojqj^jh��ojqj^jh4-wh^!ojqj^jh�wojqj^jh�4eojqj^jh^!ojqj^jh�ojqj^jh(y�h� rojqj^jh� rojqj^jh� r5�ojqjh�e�h� r5�ojqjh�h�5�ojqjep? � � � �i �z��t��?!#�#�%�'�),�-�������������������������$dh� � xdxydxa$gd�_2$dh� � xdxydxa$gd84? ] j k } � � � � � � � � � � � � ( 6 > ? u v \ ] b c � � � ����������������˷������x�ndzphg�ojqj^jhqk6ojqj^jh#!�ojqj^jhr(�ojqj^jh� eojqj^jh$/(ojqj^jh� eh� eojqj^jh3j�ojqj^jh�{?ojqj^jh�,�ojqj^jhfpojqj^jh��ojqj^jhcf�ojqj^jh�z�ojqj^jhv~h� rojqj^jh� rojqj^jh�@�ojqj^j� � � � � � � % ' * 8 w x \ a b g m z � � � � � � � � � � 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